Induced pluripotent stem cell

These are not adult stem cells, but rather adult cells (e.g. epithelial cells) reprogrammed to give rise to pluripotent capabilities. Using genetic reprogramming with proteintranscription factors, pluripotent stem cells equivalent to embryonic stem cells have been derived from human adult skin tissue.^[54][55][56] Shinya Yamanaka and his colleagues atKyoto University used the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4^[54] in their experiments on cells from human faces. Junying Yu, James Thomson, and their colleagues at the University of Wisconsin–Madison used a different set of factors, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28,^[54] and carried out their experiments using cells from human foreskin.

As a result of the success of these experiments, Ian Wilmut, who helped create the first cloned animal Dolly the Sheep, has announced that he will abandon somatic cell nuclear transfer as an avenue of research.^[57]

Frozen blood samples can be used as a source of induced pluripotent stem cells, opening a new avenue for obtaining the valued cells.^[58]